Hemotórax: etiología, diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones

Arturo Cortes-Telles, Carlos Enrique Morales-Villanueva, Esperanza Figueroa-Hurtado

Resumen

La sospecha de hemotórax inicia con una historia clínica adecuada, particularmente, el padecimiento actual, por ejemplo, casos con trauma torácico. El paso inicial de la evaluación, es diferenciar los derrames pleurales hemorrágicos de los verdaderos hemotórax. Confirmar el diagnóstico de manera temprana es fundamental, dado que, conforme progresan las fases de organización del coágulo, se van desarrollando adherencas entre la superficie del parénquima pulmonar y la pleura parietal, aspecto que dificulta evacuarlo mediante drenaje pleural convencional. La radiografía de tórax continúa siendo el estudio complementario inicial, sin embargo, es importante realizar estudios adicionales que permitan orientar la decisión terapéutica; la elección del análisis paraclínico puede justificarse con base en la experiencia y disponibilidad de recursos en el centro de atención. La instalación del tratamiento primario es crucial e inicia con el drenaje de la cavidad torácica vía sonda pleural en la mayoria de los casos; el uso de fibrinoliticos se considera de segunda línea y particularmente en hemotórax coagulado o casos que tienen riesgos significativos de complicaciones al someterse a un procedimiento quirúrgico mayor (Por ejemplo. decorticación). Las complicaciones se pueden disminuir al sistematizar el enfoque diagnóstico-terapéutico.

Palabras clave: hemotórax, hemotórax coagulado, toracoscopía video-asistida, tratamiento, sonda pleural, trauma de tórax.

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